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Indonesia: The Military’s Transformation From Praetorian Ruler to Presidential Coalition Partner

Summary

Indonesia is a highly revealing case study for pinpointing both the conditions under which militaries in postcolonial societies intervened in political affairs and the patterns that led to their subsequent marginalization from politics. It also demonstrates how militaries could defend some of their political interests even after they were removed from the highest echelons of power. Emboldened by the war for independence (1945–1949), the Indonesian military used divisions, conflicts, and instabilities in the early postindependence polity to push for an institutionalized role in political institutions. While it was granted such a role in 1959, it used a further deterioration in civilian politics in the early 1960s to take power in 1965. Military intervention in politics in Indonesia, then, has been as much the result of civilian weaknesses as of military ambitions, confirming Finer’s theory on the civilian role in military power quests.

Military rule in Indonesia weakened firs

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As a national hero, the biography of General Sudirman has been extensively written. Like other biographical works, most of Sudirman’s biographies are concluded with his death. However, as a grand figure, Sudirman’s departure left empty spaces that prompted people to commemorate him. The commemorations did not only serve melancholic but rather pragmatic purposes. Shortly after he passed away in 1950, the Indonesian army began to narrate Sudirman’s death as a method to unite the divided officer corps. Although Sudirman was a Japanese-trained officer, he managed to maintain peaceful relations between Indonesian officers who received training under the Dutch (KNIL) and the Japanese (PETA) military. Although he has passed away, the army remained to utilize his “post-mortem” influence to mediate the peaked conflict between two factions. “Bringing Sudirman into alive” successfully ended the KNIL-PETA friction but was unable to prevent the follow-up conflict. Sukarno and Suharto also utilized Sudirman’s name to pursue their respective political interests. Sukarno positioned Sudirman as th

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Sudirman

First commander-in-chief of the Indonesian armed forces

For other uses, see Sudirman (disambiguation).

Sudirman (Old Spelling: Soedirman; 24 January 1916^[a] – 29 January 1950) was an Indonesian military officer and revolutionary during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

Born in Purbalingga, Dutch East Indies, Sudirman moved to Cilacap in 1916 and was raised by his uncle. A diligent student at a Muhammadiyah-run school, he became respected within the community for his devotion to Islam. After dropping out of teacher's college, in 1936 he began working as a teacher, and later headmaster, at a Muhammadiyah-run elementary school. After the Japanese occupied the Indies in 1942, Sudirman continued to teach, before joining the Japanese-sponsored Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) as a battalion commander in Banyumas in 1944. In this position he put down a rebellion by his fellow soldiers, but was later interned in Bogor. After Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945, Sudirman led